Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a relatively lesser-known yet significant respiratory virus that can cause illness across all age groups. Discovered in 2001, HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes viruses like the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the parainfluenza viruses. Though it has been circulating in humans for decades, its relatively recent identification has left many people unaware of its existence and the health risks it poses. Here, we provide a quick guide to understanding HMPV, its symptoms, transmission, and preventive measures.
What is HMPV Virus?
HMPV is a respiratory virus with a single-stranded RNA genome. However, it shares similarities with RSV in terms of its structure and the types of illnesses it causes. Despite being identified only in the early 2000s, research suggests that HMPV has been circulating in human populations for over 50 years. The virus is prevalent worldwide and can cause seasonal outbreaks, typically peaking during late winter and early spring.
HMPV is a significant cause of respiratory infections, especially in children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. However, healthy adults can also contract the virus, often experiencing milder symptoms.
What Are the Symptoms of HMPV Infection?
The symptoms of an HMPV infection can vary widely depending on the individual’s age and overall health. Common symptoms include:
Mild Symptoms:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Low-grade fever
Moderate to Severe Symptoms:
- Wheezing
- Shortness of breath
- High fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
In severe cases, particularly in vulnerable groups such as infants, older adults, and those with chronic illnesses, HMPV can lead to complications like bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or exacerbation of existing conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
How is HMPV Virus Transmitted?
HMPV spreads in a manner similar to other respiratory viruses, primarily through:
Respiratory Droplets
Coughing, sneezing, and talking can release virus-containing droplets from infected people, hence, they can be inhaled by others.
Direct Contact
Touching an infected person’s hands or face and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes can facilitate transmission.
Contaminated Surfaces
The virus remains viable on surfaces for several hours. Touching contaminated objects and then touching your face can result in infection.
HMPV is highly contagious. Besides this, its ability to spread rapidly makes it a concern in settings like schools, daycares, and healthcare facilities.
How to Diagnose HMPV Virus Infection?
Diagnosing HMPV can be challenging as its symptoms overlap with those of other respiratory illnesses, including RSV, influenza, and COVID-19. Healthcare providers may use laboratory tests to identify the virus, especially during severe outbreaks or in hospitalized patients. Common diagnostic methods include:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Tests
These tests detect the genetic material of HMPV and are highly accurate.
Antigen Detection Tests
These tests detect viral proteins in respiratory specimens, but their sensitivity may be lower compared to PCR tests.
What Are the Treatment Options Available for HMPV Virus Infection?
Well, currently there are no specific antiviral medications or vaccines available for HMPV. Treatment is mainly supportive and focuses on alleviating symptoms. Besides this, recommended measures are:
Rest and Hydration
Ensuring adequate rest and staying hydrated can help the body recover.
Over-the-Counter Medications
Medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can manage fever and pain. Whereas, decongestants and antihistamines can provide relief from nasal congestion.
Severe Cases
If you have a severe infection, hospitalization is must and oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation might be necessary.
How to Prevent HMPV Virus Infection?
Preventing HMPV infection involves adopting good hygiene practices and minimizing exposure to the virus. Key preventive strategies include:
Hand Hygiene
Frequent hand hygiene is crucial. Hence, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. When soap and water are not accessible, use hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol.
Avoid Close Contact
Avoid close contact with sick individuals, especially if they exhibit respiratory symptoms.
Disinfect Surfaces
To prevent the spread of germs, regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched, including doorknobs, light switches, remote controls, and keyboards.
Stay Home When Sick
If you or your child are unwell, staying home can help prevent the spread of the virus to others. However, do consult a specialist without any delay.
Use Masks
Masks help protect you from inhaling virus-containing droplets when worn in crowded or high-risk areas.
HMPV Virus and Vulnerable Populations
Well, certain groups are at a higher risk of severe HMPV infections, including:
Infants under 5 years and Young Children
Their developing immune systems make them more susceptible to complications like bronchiolitis.
Older Adults
Age-related weakening of the immune system increases their vulnerability.
Immunocompromised Individuals
Consequently, people undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or those with chronic illnesses face higher risks of severe disease.
Conclusion
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of respiratory illness worldwide. While many cases result in mild symptoms, the virus can lead to severe complications in vulnerable populations. Understanding how HMPV spreads and adopting preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection. As research continues, the hope is that effective vaccines and treatments will emerge to combat this common yet often overlooked virus. Until then, maintaining good hygiene and being mindful of respiratory health remain the best defenses against HMPV.
