Author: Sharad Sharma

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect any joint in our body. The joints that osteoarthritis affects the most include the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

Osteoarthritis is the commonest form of arthritis that commonly affects people around the globe. The risk of the development of this condition increases in older people, especially those above 55. It is a condition that occurs due to age-related wear & tear of cartilage but, it can also affect other parts of the joint. Studies have found that it also affects the ligaments, bones, and synovium (the lining of the joint).

Osteoarthritis develops gradually and becomes worse with age. It can also occur because of previous injuries or trauma affecting the joint.

What Are the Types of Osteoarthritis?

Two types of osteoarthritis are there:

Primary Osteoarthritis

Primary osteoarthritis is the most common form of osteoarthritis that primarily affects the spine, fingers, thumbs, hips, knees, and big toes.

Secondary Osteoarthritis

This form of osteoarthritis occurs because of previous joint conditions like an injury or trauma, repetitive movements, sports injuries, inflammatory arthritis, or genetic disorders.

What Are the Symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

Some of the common signs & symptoms associated with the condition include:

Pain

Osteoarthritis causes pain in the joint during or after activity.

Stiffness

Joint stiffness commonly occurs in the morning upon awakening or after periods of inactivity.

Loss of Flexibility

The range of motion of the affected joint becomes limited.

Tenderness

Even a little pressure on the joint cause tenderness.

Swelling

Swelling is always on the cards because of soft tissue inflammation around the joint.

Bone Spurs

Bone spurs can form around the joint and cause irritation.

Popping or Crackling Sound

Feeling of a grating sensation is there while using the joint. Sometimes, a popping or crackling sound also occurs.

What Causes Osteoarthritis?

Wear & tear in the protective cartilage in the joint cause osteoarthritis. When the cartilage wears down, the bones forming the joint start to rub against each other. Over time, this causes irritation, and eventually, the signs and symptoms of arthritis develop.

Not only the cartilage but osteoarthritis affects the entire joint including the bones, ligaments, connective tissues, and the lining of the joint.

What Are the Risk Factors of Osteoarthritis?

Factors that increase the risk of osteoarthritis include:

Age

The risk of osteoarthritis increases with age. People above 55 years of age are highly prone.

Gender

According to several reports and studies, women are more prone to developing osteoporosis than men. The reason for this is still under research.

Obesity

Being overweight puts you at the highest risk of developing osteoarthritis. High body weight adds more stress on the weight-bearing joint and with time, the symptoms of osteoarthritis develop.

Joint Injuries

Trauma affecting the joint and previous joint injuries may also increase the risk of arthritis.

Repeated Stress on the Joints

Repetitive stress on the joints like in athletes or sportspeople also increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis.

Heredity

Sometimes, genetics also play a role in causing this condition.

Bone Deformities

Congenital birth defects affecting the bone like malformed joints and defective cartilage can cause osteoarthritis later in life.

What is the Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis?

During the diagnosis, the doctor first performs a physical examination. During the physical examination, the doctor looks for visible signs like swelling, redness, and tenderness. Besides this, the healthcare service provider also examines the range of motion of the joint.

Besides this, the healthcare service provider also prescribes imaging tests to confirm the condition and its severity.

X-rays –  X-rays can show the loss of cartilage in the joint. If bone spurs are present around the joint, x-rays can show them as well.

MRIs – Magnetic resonance imaging shows details on bones and soft tissues along with the cartilage. MRI is generally required to diagnose complex cases.

To rule out the possibility of other conditions, certain lab tests are also performed.

Blood Test – Blood tests are generally required to rule out the chances of rheumatoid arthritis.

Joint Fluid Analysis – Joint fluid analysis detects whether the painful symptoms are because of inflammation or gout rather than osteoarthritis.

What is the Treatment of Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis has no cure as the condition cannot be reversed. Thus, the treatment aims at relieving the symptoms and improving the quality of life. Here are the available treatments for the condition:

Medication

The doctor prescribes medicines to improve symptoms like pain, swelling, and inflammation.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

OTC NSAIDs are generally helpful in relieving osteoarthritic pain. For stronger NSAIDs, a prescription is a must.

Antidepressants

Antidepressants can relieve chronic pain including the one that occurs because of osteoarthritis.

Acetaminophen

It is helpful in improving mild to moderate pain but, must be taken under prescription and in limited doses. Overconsumption of this drug can cause liver damage.

Therapies

Physical Therapy

A physiotherapist will suggest exercises to improve pain and strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint. One must do physical therapy under an expert’s guidance because doing it wrong could cause complications.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy can help you perform routine activities with more ease. It can also help you relieve stress on the joints.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Therapy

This technique uses electrical current (low voltage) to improve pain. This therapy is best to relieve short-term pain for hip and knee osteoarthritis.

Injections

Cortisone Injections

Sometimes, corticosteroid injection is applied to the affected joint. It can relieve pain for a few weeks. This injection must also be taken under prescription and in limited amounts as it can make the joint condition worse.

Lubrication Injections

Hyaluronic acid (a similar component of natural joint fluid) injections can help improve painful symptoms of the condition.

Surgery

Surgery is the last option available for the treatment. Here are a few of the common surgical options available for the treatment:

Realigning Bones

For example, if the condition has affected one side of the knee more than the other, knee osteotomy will be helpful. During the procedure, the surgeon cuts a part of the bone from above or below the knee and then adds or removes the bone wedge. This shifts the body weight from the affected part of the knee.

Joint Replacement

During joint replacement, the surgeon cuts the damaged portion of the knee and adds an artificial implant, also known as an orthopedic implant or prosthesis. The implants are generally made of medical-grade metal alloy or plastic, or a combination of both.

Joint replacement may be partial where only a portion of the affected joint is removed and replaced or complete where the entire joint is replaced with a prosthesis (an artificial joint).

How to Prevent Osteoarthritis?

Taking care of your joints is like giving them a VIP treatment pass. Now, let’s talk about preventing osteoarthritis, the serious troublemaker that can mess with your joints if you’re not careful.

Maintaining a healthy weight is like finding the perfect balance. Extra pounds put unnecessary stress on your joints, especially the knees and hips, so let’s keep it in check. Regular exercise is your medicine here; it not only helps with weight management but also keeps those joints nimble and happy. Go for a dance party or a stroll in the park; just keep those joints grooving!

Now, let’s talk about your diet – the fuel that powers your joints. Embrace healthy foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids like fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts. These little powerhouses are like the rockstars of joint health. They have anti-inflammatory vibes that keep the joint party going smoothly.

Hydration is the unsung hero here! Imagine your joints are at a fancy party, and water is the cool DJ spinning the beats. Hydrated joints are happy joints. So, maintain the right water balance in your body too.

Protect your joints from surprise attacks; it’s like giving them their own bodyguards. When playing sports or doing activities that could put stress on your joints, gear up with proper equipment. It’s like wearing a superhero cape for your joints.

Lastly, don’t forget about your posture. Do not sideline your spine; as it is the backbone of your body,  keep it straight and strong. Good posture is the secret sauce to prevent your joints from getting grumpy.

This is your short guide to preventing osteoarthritis. Treat them well, and they’ll keep you dancing through life!

What is Neck Pain?

Neck pain is a condition in which the pain occurs in the spine just below the head. Multiple causes of the condition are there, and the cause decides the severity of the condition.

The part of the spine that hurts in the neck is “the cervical spine.” It is very important to treat it in time. If left untreated, it can interfere with daily activities and may also cause severe complications.

What Are the Symptoms of Neck Pain?

It might sound strange but yes, there are certain symptoms of neck pain, and they include:

• Worse pain after holding the head in a position for too long, like while driving or working in the office
• Muscle tightness and spasms
• Reduced flexibility of the head
• Headache

It is very important to seek immediate doctor’s help if it persists for more than 3-4 days without any relief.

What Are the Causes of Neck Pain?

It is important for you to know that neck pain could be a symptom of many injuries or medical problems:

Aging

Aging is not a medical problem but yes, several health issues that arise because of increasing age could cause neck pain. The risk of osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, and herniated discs increases with age. Besides this, pinching of nerve roots or the spinal cord could also occur.

Injury

A sudden trauma resulting in a high-energy jerk in the neck could cause pain and soreness. Sometimes, an injury also affects ligaments, muscles, discs, nerve roots, and vertebral joints in the spinal cord in the cervical region.

Mental Stress

Tightening muscles in the neck because of stress can also sometimes cause pain in the cervical spine.

Physical Stress

Repetitive actions involving the neck or strenuous activities can also lead to pain and stiffness in the neck.

Poor Lifestyle/Habits

There are certain lifestyle factors that directly affect the balance of the spine, and that results in pain in the spine, eventually causing pain. Those factors include:

• Poor posture while working or doing other activities
• Being overweight
• A sedentary lifestyle results in weak abdominal muscles

Extra Growths

Though rare, tumors, cysts, and bone spurs may also sometimes cause spinal pain.

Other Health Conditions

Severe discomfort may also be a symptom of cancers, meningitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

What is the Diagnosis of Neck Pain?

Two of the important things for the diagnosis are the medical history and physical examinations. They give an idea to the doctor about the cause of pain. During the physical examination, the doctor examines numbness, muscle weakness, and tenderness around the neck. Besides this, the doctor will also the patient to move his/her head in different directions to notice the range of motion.  

Afterwards, certain imaging tests are performed to identify the cause. While, the tests required may include:

X-ray Examination

X-ray reports can show the areas where the nerve compression is there by bone spurs or other conditions.

CT Scan

CT scan produces detailed cross-sectional images of the structures inside the neck.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI shows detailed images of soft tissues and bones which include the discs, the spinal cord, and the nerves.

Besides radiography, diagnosis may also require some other tests:

Electromyography (EMG)

This test can tell whether a pinched nerve is the cause of neck pain. For this, it measures the speed of nerve conduction to examine the proper functioning of the nerve.

Blood Tests

Blood tests determine inflammation of infection, if there, and causing pain.

What is the Treatment for Neck Pain?

Maximum cases of the condition are mild or moderate. Hence, it improves in a week or two with self-care. In some cases, medicines to improve pain are also prescribed. Here are the treatments available for improving the problem:

Medications

The doctor suggests non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to improve pain and inflammation in the neck. Besides this, the doctor sometimes prescribes acetaminophen. However, these medicines must be taken under prescription as overuse could cause severe complications. Most often, OTC drugs are helpful but, if not, the doctor will prescribe one.

Therapy

Physical therapy

In most cases, a physiotherapist may teach correct posture, neck-strengthening exercises, and alignment. Physical therapy is very helpful in the long run. Besides this, heat and cold therapy may also help improve pain.

 

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Therapy

This technique uses controlled electrical impulses to relieve pain.

Soft Neck Collar

Most often, using a soft neck collar can help improve pain by taking pressure off the neck. A neck collar must also be used as prescribed, or it can be harmful in the long run.

Injections

Steroid injections can also help relieve pain, especially severe ones. The healthcare service provider applies injections in the nerve roots or into the neck muscles.

Surgery

Surgery is rarely required for neck pain. However, it is an option to relieve nerve root or spinal cord compression.

How to Relieve Neck Pain at Home?

Simple home remedies can help improve pain include:

• Heat or ice packs
• Gentle stretching or mild neck exercises
• Rest
• Stopping physical activity that aggravates neck pain

How to Prevent Neck Pain?

Neck pain is a common ailment that can significantly impact your daily life, affecting your work, sleep, and overall well-being. However, incorporating a few simple strategies into your routine can help prevent neck pain and promote a healthier, pain-free neck.

Maintain Good Posture

The importance of maintaining proper posture cannot be overstated. Whether sitting at a desk, using a computer, or standing, ensure that your spine is aligned. Keep your shoulders back, chin tucked in, and the natural curve of your neck supported. Regularly check and correct your posture to avoid unnecessary strain on your neck muscles.

Take Regular Breaks

Prolonged periods of the same posture can contribute to neck pain. If your job requires sitting for extended periods, make a conscious effort to stand up, stretch, and change positions every 30 minutes. Simple neck stretches and rotations can help alleviate tension and reduce the risk of stiffness.

Ergonomic Workspace Setup

Ensure that your workspace is ergonomically designed to support a neutral neck position. Adjust your chair, desk, and computer screen to the right height, allowing you to maintain good posture. Invest in a supportive chair and use a cushion or lumbar roll to support the natural curve of your lower back.

Strengthen Neck Muscles

Incorporate exercises that strengthen the muscles supporting your neck. Simple neck stretches, shoulder rolls and gentle resistance exercises can enhance flexibility and reduce muscle strain. Consult with a healthcare professional or a fitness expert to tailor a safe and effective exercise routine for your specific needs.

Manage Stress

Emotional stress often manifests physically, leading to tension in the neck and shoulders. Practice stress management techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga to reduce overall tension and promote relaxation.

Proper Pillow and Mattress

Invest in a pillow and mattress that provide adequate support for your neck and spine. The right pillow should keep your head and neck aligned with your spine, while a supportive mattress ensures proper spinal alignment during sleep.

By integrating these practices into your daily life, you can significantly reduce the risk of developing neck pain and foster a healthier, more comfortable neck. If persistent neck pain persists, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and personalized guidance.

Split ends are a common hair problem that can affect individuals of all hair types and textures. They occur when the hair shaft splits or frays, making the hair look dull, damaged, and uneven. Understanding the causes of the problem is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. In this article, we will explore the various factors that contribute to this hair problem and provide useful tips and treatments to address this issue, helping you maintain healthy and lustrous hair.

Causes of Split Ends

Overexposure to Heat Styling Tools

Excessive use of heat-styling tools such as flat irons, curling irons, and blow dryers can damage the hair shaft, leading to split ends. The high temperatures from these tools strip the hair of its natural moisture, making it dry and brittle. To prevent this, limit the use of heat styling tools and always apply a heat protectant spray before styling.

Chemical Treatments

Chemical treatments like perming, relaxing, and coloring can weaken the hair’s structure, making it more prone to splitting. The harsh chemicals in these treatments strip away the hair’s natural oils, leaving it vulnerable to damage. If you must undergo chemical treatments, opt for professional services and follow up with proper hair care routines to minimize the risk of the condition.

Poor Haircare Practices

Inadequate haircare practices can contribute to the development of split ends. Vigorous brushing, especially when the hair is wet, can cause breakage and lead to split ends. Additionally, using rough towels to dry your hair, tying it up tightly with elastic bands, or sleeping on rough pillowcases can also contribute to hair damage. Instead, opt for gentle detangling techniques, use a microfiber towel or a soft cotton t-shirt to dry your hair, and opt for hair-friendly accessories.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors such as exposure to harsh weather conditions, pollution, and UV radiation can damage the hair, leading to split ends. The sun’s harmful rays can weaken the hair shaft, while pollution and excessive humidity can cause dryness and frizz. To protect your hair, wear a hat or scarf when exposed to the sun, rinse your hair after swimming in chlorinated water, and use hair products with UV protection.

Lack of Moisture and Nutrients

Hair that is dry and lacking in moisture is more prone to split ends. Factors such as frequent washing, using harsh shampoos, and not providing enough hydration to the hair can contribute to this condition. Additionally, a diet lacking in essential nutrients, particularly vitamins A, C, and E, and proteins, can weaken the hair, making it more susceptible to damage. Ensure you maintain a balanced diet and use moisturizing hair products to keep your hair hydrated and nourished.

Types of Split Ends

Basic Split Ends

Basic split ends are the most common type and occur when the hair strand splits into two separate ends. They can appear as small, Y-shaped splits at the tip of the hair. They are usually occur by excessive heat styling, chemical treatments, or rough hair handling. If left untreated, they can continue to split further up the hair shaft, leading to more severe damage.

Mini Split Ends (Baby Split Ends)

Mini split ends, also known as baby split ends, are smaller and less noticeable than basic ones. They usually appear as tiny splits at the tip of the hair and can be because of various factors such as excessive brushing, exposure to harsh weather conditions, or friction from rough towels or pillowcases. While they may seem insignificant, if not addressed, they can progress and worsen over time.

Tree Split Ends

Tree split ends comprises multiple splits that resemble branches, hence the name. They occur when the hair strand splits into multiple sections, creating a frayed or feathered appearance at the ends. They are typically the result of a combination of factors, including heat damage, chemical treatments, and lack of proper haircare practices. This type of split end requires immediate attention to prevent further damage and breakage.

White Dots

White dots, also known as trichoptilosis, appear as small, white spots along the hair shaft. They occur when the protective outer layer of the hair, known as the cuticle, becomes damaged or eroded. White dots can be caused by excessive heat styling, overexposure to harsh chemicals, or aggressive brushing. While they may not initially lead to visible split ends, they weaken the hair and make it more susceptible to breakage.

Feathering Split Ends

Feathering split ends are characterized by thin, wispy ends that appear frayed or feathery. They occur when the hair strand splits into multiple fine strands, resembling a feather. These are often caused by excessive heat styling, chemical treatments, or rough hair handling. Feathering type can be particularly common in individuals with fine or delicate hair.

Knots and Tangles

Knots and tangles are twisted or knotted areas of the hair that can lead to split ends if not properly addressed. These occur when the hair becomes intertwined, resulting in knots and snags. Knots and tangles can be caused by rough brushing, inadequate detangling, or not properly caring for long or curly hair. Untangling knots gently and using detangling sprays or serums can help prevent further damage and breakage.

Treatment and Prevention

Regular Trimming

Trimming is the best way to get rid of split ends. Regular haircuts, ideally every 6 to 8 weeks, help to remove the damaged ends, preventing the splits from traveling up the hair shaft. Be sure to visit a professional hairstylist who can trim your hair without causing further damage.

Moisturizing Haircare Routine

A proper haircare routine with a focus on moisture can significantly help in preventing and treating split ends. Use a moisturizing shampoo and conditioner that nourishes and hydrates the hair. Look for products that contain ingredients such as shea butter, argan oil, or coconut oil, which help to restore moisture and improve hair elasticity.

Protective Styling

Protective hairstyles can help prevent split ends by minimizing the exposure of your hair to harsh elements and friction. Styles like braids, buns, and updos keep the ends tucked away and reduce the risk of breakage and splitting. However, it’s important to avoid hairstyles that are too tight or pull on the hair, as they can cause damage.

Heat Styling Precautions

Reducing the use of heat styling tools is crucial in preventing split ends. If you must use them, always apply a heat protectant spray or serum to create a barrier between the hair and the heat. Opt for lower heat settings and limit the frequency of use. Embracing heat-free hairstyles, such as air-drying or using rollers, can also help minimize damage.

Gentle Haircare Practices

Handle your hair gently to prevent split ends. When washing, avoid aggressive scrubbing and opt for a gentle massaging motion instead. Use a wide-toothed comb or a brush with soft bristles to detangle wet hair, starting from the ends and working your way up to avoid pulling and breakage. Additionally, using a silk or satin pillowcase can reduce friction and prevent damage while you sleep.

Deep Conditioning Treatments

Regular deep conditioning treatments can provide essential moisture and nourishment to the hair, helping to prevent and repair split ends. Apply a deep conditioning mask or treatment once a week to replenish lost moisture, improve hair strength, and enhance overall hair health.

Balanced Diet and Supplements

Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins is essential for healthy hair growth. Include foods like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains in your diet. If needed, consider taking supplements like biotin, vitamin E, or omega-3 fatty acids, after consulting with a healthcare professional.